There are currently 538 electors in the Electoral College, and an absolute majority of electoral votes—270 or more—is required for the college to elect the president and vice president. You may call me Chiron.’”, a trick of an amusing, playful, or sometimes malicious nature, a person who is allegedly sensitive to psychic influences or forces; medium, a fictitious name used by an author to conceal his or her identity; pen name, Dictionary.com Unabridged In this case, the phrase was used to describe internal political strife in New Jersey politics. NBC News drew on the 2018 midterm elections to remove battleground distinctions from Colorado and Ohio while suggesting Arizona and Georgia could join the swing state club. According to this view, if elections were by popular vote, then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally. Others argued that a straightforward popular vote was unfair, as it would give too much power to larger, more populous states. Klassisch demokratisch sind die Pazifikküste, die großen Industriestaaten um die großen Seen an der Grenze zu Kanada und die Staaten am Atlantik nördlich der früheren Bürgerkriegslinie. The Founding Fathers intended that each elector would be elected by the citizens of a district, and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president. Because the least populous state (Wyoming, according to the 2010 census) has three electors, D.C. cannot have more than three electors. It's Up to Us to End It", U.S. The site also features a series of explainers about how presidents are actually elected in the United States. The result was the controversial “three-fifths compromise,” in which enslaved Black people would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of allocating representatives and electors and calculating federal taxes. With some certainty, we can narrow the field of 2020 battlegrounds to these eight states. To serve as a state's elector, a pledge or prior agreement to vote for a candidate is generally required and there exist some state laws against faithless electors. At the time of the Court’s decision, 32 states had passed laws that bind electors, while 18 states had laws on the books giving electors the freedom to vote independently—ensuring that in more ways than one, the Electoral College could continue to provide drama for the foreseeable future. the number of representatives in the House plus the number of senators. According to Hamilton, the selection of the president should be "made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station [of president]. "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause" in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002), Stanford University Press, Brian D. Humes, Elaine K. Swift, Richard M. Valley, Kenneth Finegold, and Evelyn C. Fink, "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause", Chapter 15 in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002), Stanford University Press, The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens, v.2, Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792–1868, Palmer, Beverly Wilson, 1936, Ochoa, Holly Byers, 1951, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library, 2011, pp. The Constitution doesn’t require electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states, and there is no federal law that requires this. If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president, the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment. The site also features a series of explainers about how presidents are actually elected in the United States. [204], Representative Emanuel Celler (D–New York), chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681, a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote. Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district-by-district basis. A republican government (i.e., representative democracy, as opposed to direct democracy) combined with the principles of federalism (with distribution of voter rights and separation of government powers), would countervail against factions. The electors come directly from the people and them alone, for that purpose only, and for that time only. Electors pledged to vote one way or another], who might be tampered with beforehand to prostitute their votes [i.e., to be told how to vote]; but they have referred it in the first instance to an immediate act of the people of America, to be exerted in the choice of persons [Electors to the Electoral College] for the temporary and sole purpose of making the appointment. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen, but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office, either elected or appointed, from being an elector. Candidates would not pair together on the same. Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised, although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States, Al Gore. Oder Staaten, in denen frühere ethnische Minderheiten einen immer größeren Anteil der Gesamtbevölkerung ausmachen. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 provides that each state shall appoint electors selected in a manner determined by its legislature, and it disqualifies any person holding a federal office, either elected or appointed, from being an elector. Additional states might evolve from Republican or Democratic locks to battlegrounds in future races. "[53] Though this was indisputably in violation of the concepts Hamilton articulated in the Federalist #68, once one state took that strategy, the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election.[52]. Die Swing States von 2012 hat bei der letzten Wahl alle Barack Obama gewonnen. Excluding South Carolina, legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832: Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election. Virginia war immer ein tiefroter, also republikanischer Staat. Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector in violation of the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no "analysis" or "deliberate" concerning the candidates. The compact applies Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution, which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses electors. [23] In practice, that results in Washington D.C. being entitled to 3 electors. The most important factors in narrowing close states into the battleground category are recent margins of victory and polling. [131] South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election.[133]. [35], Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. The result of this struggle was the Electoral College, the system by which the American people vote not for president and vice president, but for a smaller group of people, known as electors. Erstelle kostenlos eine Website oder ein Blog auf WordPress.com. [7] Individual citizens in less populous states have proportionately more voting power than those in more populous states. The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections, called the Election Day. [191][page needed][failed verification]. Alexander Hamilton. [137] Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008, giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts, while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. These electors then cast their votes directly for president and vice president, at a meeting held several weeks after the general election. After all, the fledgling nation had just fought its way out from under a tyrannical king and overreaching colonial governors. Electoral College. [168] They also assert that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate, and for statewide allocation of electoral votes, do not ignore voters in less populated areas. Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president, every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president, despite Jefferson clearly being his party's first choice. As of 2020, 33 states plus the District of Columbia have laws against faithless electors, though the laws in half of these jurisdictions have no enforcement mechanism. [171][172] Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system, it is generally presumed that candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get-out-the-vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using finite campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered "safe" for themselves or their opponents, respectively. They argue that the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change. Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter's proposal at that time as "a modest surprise" because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form. Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election. Electors meet in their respective state capitals (electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District) on the same day (set by Congress as the Monday after the second Wednesday in December) at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president.[105][106][107]. [209], On October 8, 1969, the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were "either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate." State legislation is sufficient to use this method. Absentee Ballot vs. Mail-In Ballot: Is There A Difference? Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY, left) shakes hands with Senator Bob Bennett (R-UT) after the electoral votes from the 2008 presidential elections were counted and certified in the House Chamber in the U.S. Capitol January 8, 2009. Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials, media organizations, and the Federal Election Commission, the people only indirectly elect the president. As stated in the ruling, electors are acting as a functionary of the state, not the federal government. [38], Although the United States Constitution refers to "Electors" and "electors", neither the phrase "Electoral College" nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively. Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small, though numerically equivalent, portion of a very populous state. Congressional Quarterly Books, "Presidential Elections: 1789–1996". However, Federalist #68, insofar as it reflects the intent of the founders, states that Electors will be "selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass," and with regard to choosing Electors, "they [the framers] have referred it in the first instance to an immediate act of the people of America." In the general ticket, voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector (while in the short ballot, voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors). The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the state seal and the signature of the governor (or mayor of D.C.). This amendment refers to "the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States" (among other elections). The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states, both Democrats and Republicans, who argued that abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states' political influence. Merriam-Webster found an example of the phrase in an 1842 edition of the Centinel of Freedom. Das sind Bundesstaaten, bei denen das Ergebnis nicht aufgrund der politischen Struktur schon vorhersehbar ist. [144], Of the 43 multi-district states whose 514 electoral votes are amenable to the method, Maine (4 EV) and Nebraska (5 EV) use it. [174] Since most states use a winner-takes-all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state's electoral votes, there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states; in recent elections, these states have included Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Florida in 2004 and 2008, and included Colorado in 2012. [20], Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day. The Electoral College. Here the divide was between slave-owning and non-slave-owning states. On this basis after the first census, the Electoral College still gave the free men of slave-owning states (but never slaves) extra power (Electors) based on a count of these disenfranchised people, in the choice of the U.S. He found a spectrum of usage from ABC’s 2.5-to-1 ratio of battleground state to swing state to MSNBC’s 1.8-to-1 ratio of swing state to battleground state. [95][96] Some states support voting for write-in candidates; those that do may require pre-registration of write-in candidacy, with designation of electors being done at that time. But over time, all but two states (Maine and Nebraska) passed laws to give all of their electoral votes to the candidate who wins the state’s popular vote count. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic, the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism. Before evaluating battleground states, it is useful to categorize states outside of the battleground definition. [80] Delegates Oliver Ellsworth and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, a state which had adopted a gradual emancipation law three years earlier, also criticized a national popular vote. A state that had a margin of victory of 5% or less in the most recent presidential race shows a narrow divide among voters. [102] After the election, each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment, each listing the candidates for president and vice president, their pledged electors, and the total votes each candidacy received. In the last election, the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii, despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million. Und zwar mit einer relativen Mehrheit der Stimmen – es müssen nicht 50% sein. This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes. If any person receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, that person is declared the winner. E-Mail-Überprüfung fehlgeschlagen, bitte versuche es noch einmal. The Supreme Court previously upheld the power for a state to choose electors on the basis of congressional districts, holding that states possess plenary power to decide how electors are appointed in McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892). Did you know? [210], On August 14, 1970, the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate. Before the advent of the "short ballot" in the early 20th century (as described in Selection process) the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket. However, Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, 43.5% to 42.9%, less than 1% of the national total. Thus without corrupting the body of the people, the immediate agents in the election will at least enter upon the task free from any sinister bias [Electors must not come to the Electoral College with bias]. that the Electoral College is not a cause of the two-party system, and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third-party candidates in some situations. § 7 : US Code – Section 7: Meeting and vote of electors", "U.S. In the election of 1872, defeated Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval, which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party, who also supported Greeley, but 63 of the 66 the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for four alternate candidates.
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